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Do you know the difference between sedation and general anesthesia? Sedation refers to a state where the patient is calm and relaxed and may or may not be conscious. Sedation is typically used for shorter (up to 30 minutes), less-invasive veterinary procedures such as diagnostic imaging, joint injections, suture removal, and wound management. Injectable sedation is short-acting, and with most sedatives, a reversal agent can be given once the procedure is complete. This agent reverses the effects of the sedative on the central nervous system and can provide quick recovery within 15-20 minutes after injection.

On the other hand, anesthesia produces a loss of consciousness. General anesthesia is typically used for longer, more invasive procedures such as surgery or dental cleanings. When a pet is under general anesthesia, they are connected to an anesthetic machine, and a tube is placed through their mouth into the trachea to allow oxygen and the inhalant anesthetic to be dispersed as the patient breathes.

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True or False: Most pets should be fasted prior to a sedation/anesthetic procedure.

Answer: True. Most veterinarians ask that pets be fasted for at least 12 hours prior to arriving at the clinic for their procedure if possible. Any food in the patient's stomach will increase the likelihood of aspirating food into the lungs if the pet vomits during induction of the procedure. Fasting your pet can also help reduce defecation during the procedure. This is important so the veterinary team can keep a clean and, potentially, sterile surgical site if needed.

Understanding your pet's body language and being an advocate for your pet's veterinary behavioral health is a very important tool as a pet owner. Our pets communicate with us through visual communication which is different from how people communicate through verbal communication. When breaking down body language, it's recommended to look at the entire dog and to monitor its posture and 6 different body parts. The body parts are the tail, hair, ears, eyes, mouth, and face.

In a behaviorally comfortable dog, the dog would be showing the following signs:

• Posture: Loose, showing no muscle definition or stiffness, may have a wiggly posture.
• Tail: The tail is neutral and held parallel or a bit lower to the spine.
• Hair: Flat - Not standing up.
• Ears: Neutral (where the ears would normally rest in the patient)
• Eyes: Pupils normal (may have a small amount of dilation), white part of eye is not noticeable.
• Mouth: Closed, loose lips.

In a behaviorally comfortable cat, the cat would be showing the following signs:

• Posture: Loose, showing no muscle definition or stiffness.
• Tail: Horizontal with a slight dropping; flagpole (straight up) tails can also be seen.
• Hair: Flat - Not standing up.
• Ears: Neutral - Forward or slightly to the side.
• Eyes: Eyes may be half-open with a smaller pupil.
• Mouth: Closed, loose lips.
• Face: Whiskers to the side, relaxed and soft.

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There are many different levels of fear, anxiety, and stress that your pet may experience at the veterinary clinic. Some pets may show more signs than others, and with each new sign, the animal is pushed into a different level. The Fear Free Initiative has been extremely helpful in educating veterinary professionals as well as pet owners on the different levels of fear, anxiety, and stress. Fear Free uses a scale where the animal can have high levels (Levels 4-5) of fear, stress, and anxiety as well as lower levels (Levels 0-1). In dogs, higher levels of stress can include aggression, ears back and tail tucked between their legs, actively trying to escape, excessive panting, trembling, increased respiratory rate, and immobility. When cats are experiencing a high level of stress, they can exhibit aggression, hissing, actively trying to escape, ears back, tail tight or tucked, and immobility.

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It is normal for pets to be mentally affected from sedation or anesthesia 24-72 hours after their procedure. Your pet will be discharged from the hospital when they are fully awake, warm (normal body temperature), and comfortable. Most clinics will keep the pet under observation for up to 3 hours post-procedure.

After their procedure, your pet may have some temporary behavioral changes where they are unable to recognize people or familiar surroundings. These effects are normal and usually resolve in a few days. Because most sedatives and anesthetics reduce body temperature, your veterinary team may also advise keeping your pet in a warm room to help control their body temperature. Lastly, it is important to recognize that obese animals can often have delayed recoveries. Most of the medications used are fat soluble, so the more body fat the pet has, the longer it will take for their system to remove the anesthetic.

Every patient responds to sedatives and anesthesia differently. Talk to your veterinary team to create a full sedation/anesthetic plan that would work best in your pet.

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Is your pet usually nervous or stressed during veterinary visits? Talk to your veterinarian to see if a PVP--pre-visit pharmaceutical--might be an option. These medications are used as an addition to training, behavioral, and/or environmental modification to treat veterinary-related fear, anxiety, or stress.

When implemented with a behavioral treatment plan, these medications can increase the odds of a successful visit. They help reduce the stress and anxiety so the veterinary team can work to change the way your pet feels about specific procedures. If your pet is anxious about veterinary visits, your veterinarian can recommend a plan to help make exams less stressful.

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It's common for pets to experience stressful events at home, such as storms or fireworks. There are several medications that your veterinarian may suggest for your pet, and most are known as "quick" acting, meaning it will take about 1-2 hours to see the full effect. For most pets, the medication leaves their system within 8-12 hours. It is also recommended to trial the medication at home before the stressful event so you can watch for potential side effects and negative responses.

After the trial, your veterinarian will want to know:

• How soon does the medication take effect in your pet? (e.g. 1 hour)
• What effects are seen? (e.g. less barking out the window)
• How long did the effects last for? (e.g. returned to normal behavior after 7 hours)

Share this information with your veterinarian so they can advise you on the next steps. Keep in mind that these medications will NOT create a "zombie" pet. If this is seen, this is considered an abnormal side effect and the veterinarian should be contacted immediately.

Talk to your veterinarian for recommendations if your pet has a history of situational anxiety or stress.

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Has your pet ever had to undergo a procedure requiring sedation? It's common to have questions and concerns about the safety of sedation, and while there's a risk with any procedure, sedation can be an important part of any veterinary treatment plan. Without sedation, moving forward with procedures when your pet is distressed can create long-lasting, negative effects, and increase fear, stress, and anxiety for the next appointment. This can make future medical care difficult and have negative effects on your pet's health.

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Using sedation not only helps decrease your pet's stress but also increases the veterinary team's safety. When a patient undergoes a veterinary procedure while they are painful, fearful, stressed, and anxious, the pet will begin to panic. Unfortunately, pets do not understand why they are being poked or restrained, and they will do everything in their power to make this scary situation stop. This behavior can include aggression, such as growling, lunging, and biting, which can injure the veterinary team member. By providing sedation at the onset, this scenario can be prevented and the procedure can be completed safely and effectively.

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Using sedatives prior to veterinary care or prior to an anesthetic procedure can lower patient and staff stress, improve ease of patient handling, and can even reduce the amount of inhalant anesthetic that the patient may need. Sedatives can also help obtain more accurate lab work because some values may change with increased stress during blood collection.